Understanding Property Title Documents in Nigeria: C of O, Governor's Consent and What They Mean

One of the most common questions we receive at Mannavilla LTD is about title documents. What do they mean? Which is best? Can I buy without one? Let us answer all of that clearly.

Why Title Matters

In Nigeria, land technically belongs to the government under the Land Use Act of 1978. What property owners hold is a right of occupancy — a government-granted right to use and develop land. The title document is the evidence of that right. Without a clear title, your investment can be challenged, mortgaged against or lost entirely.

Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)

A C of O is issued directly by the State Governor and is the gold standard of property title in Nigeria. It specifies the legal owner, the land area, the permitted use (residential, commercial, etc.) and the lease term (usually 99 years from grant date). A C of O on a development gives buyers the highest level of security — it has been through a formal state government process and is on the land registry.

Governor's Consent

When a property with a C of O is sold, the buyer does not receive a new C of O automatically. Instead, the transaction requires a Governor's Consent — a formal endorsement from the state government acknowledging the transfer of the right of occupancy from seller to buyer. A registered Deed of Assignment with Governor's Consent is the standard evidence of ownership for purchased property.

Deed of Assignment

A Deed of Assignment is a legal document transferring property ownership from seller to buyer. It only confers secure title when it has been executed, stamped and — crucially — registered at the Land Registry with Governor's Consent. An unregistered Deed of Assignment is a weaker instrument and can be challenged.

Registered Survey Plan

A survey plan prepared by a registered surveyor identifies the exact coordinates, dimensions and boundaries of a parcel of land. It should be filed with the Office of the Surveyor-General. Always verify that the survey plan matches the physical property boundaries before purchase.

What to Ask Any Developer

Before buying off-plan, ask to see: the C of O or equivalent root of title, evidence of registered survey, any existing mortgage or encumbrance (which must be discharged before sale), and the developer's company registration documents. A reputable developer will provide these without hesitation. At Mannavilla LTD, documentation is available for solicitor review upon request.